Executive Functioning: An Overview

Newton Neuropsychology Group • December 17, 2025

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Studies show that 20-30% of school-age children struggle with executive functioning skills, affecting their ability to organize, plan, and complete tasks. Research has shown that targeted interventions can significantly improve executive functioning skills in children and adolescents. Studies have demonstrated up to 30% improvement in students with EF challenges following intervention.

What is it?

Executive functioning (EF) is a type of self-regulation that helps us carry out many daily tasks. It encapsulates many different types of thinking and skills that are primarily controlled by the brain's prefrontal cortex. These include many higher-level functions that are exclusive to humans. EF skills include regulation, monitoring, impulse control, organization, attention, planning, prioritizing, working memory, time management, flexible thinking, and more. 

Diagram illustrating executive functions: attention, planning, time management, working memory, organization, and more.

How is it related to neuropsychology?



Assessment: Neuropsychological evaluations can provide context and an understanding for individuals struggling with executive functioning. Testing batteries and tools can highlight individuals’ strengths and challenges in the broad range of skills that are the executive functions. By pursuing the next steps for neuropsychological evaluation and understanding EF strengths/weaknesses in individuals, they can better access the next steps that can best support them moving forward. 


Brain Regions: EF is linked to the prefrontal cortex, one area of the brain that is highly studied in neuropsychology due to many brain-behavior relationships. 


Neurodevelopment: Within neuropsychology, development is a crucial focus for many. EF can change throughout one's lifespan and provide much insight into neurodevelopment and cognitive decline later in life. 


Neuropsychological Disorders: Many neuropsychological disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders are associated with differences in executive functioning (see below). 


Treatment: Many individuals with EF impairments may adopt strategies or interventions to improve their EF and quality of life. 


Research: Many studies in neuropsychology focus on how EF affects memory, social behavior, mood, learning, and daily functioning. This contributes to our understanding of EF and cognitive health. 


Individual Differences: Everyone’s brains are different, and the idea of “neurodiversity” is often elevated within the field. Biological factors, social factors, psychological factors, and much more influence individuals’ strengths and weaknesses, and EF is a large area that is well understood. 


Who may find challenges with executive functioning?


Anyone and everyone at times! EF describes skills that no one is perfect at! 


With that said, many factors can lead to more significant challenges with executive functioning. 

Kids may have more significant challenges because their prefrontal cortexes still need to develop fully! (it fully develops in your mid-20s! Individuals with neurodegenerative disorders or memory disorders such as Alzheimer’s may find more significant challenges with executive functioning. Individuals with other diseases or conditions such as epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, brain tumors, or who underwent stroke may also see increased challenges with executive functioning. 


In addition, individuals who use substances such as alcohol or drugs or individuals who have ADHD, autism, depression, OCD, or schizophrenia may also find challenges with executive functioning. 


What can we (anyone!) do to improve our executive functioning potential?


Many of the things that promote cognitive/brain health improve executive functioning, too! First and foremost, sleep is critical! In order for executive functioning to be… actually functioning… we need to be well rested! Sleep helps with memory consolidation, cognitive functioning, emotional regulation, problem-solving, and restoration, which are critical in EF. 


Physical exercise, eating foods high in nutrients, social interaction, stress management, goal setting, and mindfulness can all also enhance executive functioning potential. 


Additionally, intervention can be helpful for many. This can take many forms, including executive functioning coaching, behavioral interventions, social skills groups, therapy, and more. 


In Conclusion…


Executive functioning is critical for our daily routine, and there are many actions we can take to promote it for ourselves! 


Sources


https://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/key-concepts/executive-function/ ‘

https://www.readingrockets.org/topics/executive-function/articles/executive-function-fact-sheet 

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23224-executive-dysfunction 

https://www.beyondbooksmart.com/executive-functioning-strategies-blog/time-for-bed-why-sleep-is-essential-for-executive-functioning#:~:text=Sleep%20and%20Executive%20Function&text=In%20other%20words%2C%20poor%20sleep,that%20promote%20healthy%20coping%20skills. 


Man with brown hair and beard, wearing a denim shirt, looking at the camera against a blue backdrop.

DJ King

Reflecting on your time with NNG, what’s one thing you’ve learned?

DJ: I have to choose just one? Aside from all the excellent clinical content, I’d say… how to manage my calendar and plan my time independently.

Jordan: I have gained an incredible amount of knowledge through my time at NNG, not only through my clinical work but also as a part-time intake coordinator. My understanding of assessment, diagnoses, case conceptualization, and treatment recommendations have all grown exponentially. I feel more confident in my clinical skills and with working with a variety of individuals. 

What was the most rewarding thing about working at NNG?

DJ: I used to work in marketing, and I hated it, so I applied for the PsyD program at William James College. And once I discovered assessment, I just loved it, so neuropsych became my goal.

Jordan: What has been most rewarding about my time at NNG is working with children and families directly. I enjoy using collaborative approaches to support each child's unique needs, as well as providing families with resources that can help their child flourish. Another rewarding part of working at NNG is the community environment! All clinicians openly welcome trainees and are available to provide support and suggestions whenever needed. 

Woman with brown hair smiles, wearing a red and white floral top. Blue background.

Jordan French

What’s next for you?


Anna: Starting in July I'll be working in Rochester, NY completing my APA internship at Rochester Regional Health's neuropsychology track.


DJ: I matched for APA Internship at the Bedford VA hospital, and then after that, a neuropsych post-doc! 


Jordan: I’ll be moving to Pittsburgh to complete my predoctoral internship as the final step before graduating with a Psy.D. in clinical psychology. I look forward to continuing and growing the work I started at NNG within a new setting.


Farewell!


While we’re sad to see our grad students go, we are so grateful for the time we’ve had with them and for the drive, dedication, and positivity they’ve added to our community. We wish them all the best in their future endeavors!

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